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Creators/Authors contains: "Susanto, Tri Wayhu."

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  1. Habituation, or the process of an animal becoming comfortable with human observers, is an essential part of wild primate observational studies. Despite the importance of this process, questions remain as to what counts as habituated for a particular species, how individuals and species react to humans, and how age-sex classes differ in these responses. To address these questions, we analyzed data from over 25 years of research on wild Bornean orangutans from Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia, drawing from 8383 follows and 82,413 hours of observation. We categorized the degree of agitation with humans by totaling the number of alarm vocalizations, giving each follow a score of 1- 10. We then looked at behavioral measures using a GLMM to control for individual and food availability. This revealed that individuals with the highest vocalization scores spent a greater percentage of the day traveling (b=40.5, p < 0.0001), stayed higher in the canopy (b=16, p < 0.0001) and spent less time eating (b=205, p < 0.0001) than did animals that did not vocalize. Our analysis also revealed a less common, but frequently observed, alternative response to humans, which was to hide, often inside of a day nest, and emit no vocalizations. Individual orangutans were observed to switch between these two 'strategies' to get rid of human observers. We discuss the implications of this behavior as well as present evidence that different strategies in response to observers may vary between age-sex classes due to differing energetic demands. 
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